Radio 1 Breakfast Show

Radio Breakfast Show

Their remit is to "inform, educate and entertain"

TV Licence is £150.50 for colour tv and £50.50 for black and white licenced

The Radio 1 Breakfast Show with Greg James is broadcast weekdays from 06.30-10.00 am.

The Breakfast Show has been running since 1967, but Greg James took over as the 16th presenter in 2018.

BBC Radio 1 is broadcast on FM, DAB, Freeview, Freesat, Virgin, Sky, or online via BBC Radio Player (including via the phone or tablet app) where it can be heard live or streamed for 30 days.

It is produced by the BBC from its own studios at Broadcasting House in London.

There’s a useful BBC Academy podcast (with transcript) about how the programme is produced http://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/articles/art20170619095219011

The music is largely playlisted – what is going to be played on daytime Radio 1 is decided by a committee; they choose around 40 records each week for repeated daytime play

(A-list records get 25 plays a week, B-list 15, and C-list

eight to 10).

Radio 1 breakfast station





Thank you, random people.
Tells date
Wishes well
Merry Xmas (general seasonal greeting)
Who’s it with
Gives a summary of what’s to come
Bad music
More bad music
More bad music
Even more bad music
Stupid stuff about a crap magpie
Random stories
Working class different ethnic groups because of the artists
News
Travel wildlife politics criminal activity weather
Advertising somehow plus quiz
Jon Richardson
Quiz starts around 45 mins
The music is dependant on popularity but also changes to different people’s tastes
The aim of this station is to find out about the music and the news and give it to the people who are either about to go to work or need to know what’s going on in the world
20 mins more news Brexit parliament
Jeremy Corbyn
Basically, repeat


Summary

The general purpose of the show is to provide music for people and to provide them with the news, weather and other goings on in the world. The age demographic is around 15 to 29. This has a large impact on the type of music that would be played on the show. Mainly stuff that teenagers would listen to.
The general pattern is an intro, then about three songs, then more talking, then another three songs then a member of the public on the show, then three more songs. Then finally comes the weather, and the news and the general information of what's happening in the world. Then another three songs and a quiz...The news tends to be around every 30 mins

Educate - Quiz
Inform - Weather
Entertain - Music

The music has to fit the wants of a large number of people, for example, the main music type is pop music but if they only played that kind of music then they would miss out on other listeners that like different kinds (better) music like rock music for example.

Inform

-Starts at 6:30am, people can get the news early

-Strictly Come Dancing information

-Saying timetable for the breakfast

-Announces song names

-PM uncertainty over Brexit

-Cricket

-May puts heart and soul into Brexit plan

-Agreeing on a deal with the EU tough? Even tougher in HoP

-NZL 150 whales died from being stranded on a beach, half put down

-Money back today looking at rail companies if they don't deal with complaints

-Convicted rapists escape prison, don't approach Wayne Jones

-Needles in more strawberries in AUS and NZL

-NASA successfully landed a new Mars rover - InSight rover

-ENG cricketers hoping for a whitewash in Sri Lanka. 164-5

-Arsenal wants Premier league top 4

-Huddersfield moved off the bottom of the table

-Weather news, just rain

-Brief news, trying to keep people occupied and able to attend

-The schedule is 30 min music, 10 min news, 10 min quiz and talks to people

-They play genres about pop rock and anything a stereotypical teenager would like

-News beat

-Repeats previous news as well as going into more detail

Entertain

-Hyper intro

-Background music

-Meme

-Strictly Come Dancing

-Comedian John Richardson

-Big tracklist

-Joking about a magpie which they named Danny Tetley

-"Someone accidentally glued a horse to the floor"

-Fun quiz

Educate

-Quiz

-Quizzes keep people interacting

-Gives viewers info on recent events

-Political education in Newsbeat

-Science and tech

-STEM

Artists

-Calvin Harris (BRITISH)

-Benny Blanco

-James Bay (BRITISH)

-Cardi B

-Ozuna

-Selena Gomez

-Offset

-Tyga

-The 1975 (BRITISH?)

-Florence + the Machine (BRITISH)

-Weiss (BRITISH)

-Bruno Mars

-Lennon Stella

-Liam Payne (BRITISH)

-Dani Filth

-Bring Me The Horizon (BRITISH)

-Rita Ora

-Willy William

-Nicki Minaj

-Swae Lee

-Post Malone

Generally both the old and young age demographics are appeased by the use of the information and the music. For example, the older generation is appealed to by using the information that the show provides to interest them. Also, there is a chance that the older people would also like the music that is being played. Then for the younger generation, the music and the "banter" that is mentioned is a draw in for them. Again the younger people may also listen to it for the information and to know what is going on in the world.

There is news about the sport, politics, and entertainment. There is also a certain type of comedy that would appeal to both generations. This would interest all age groups and the music is not exclusively pop music, therefore there must be some music that would interest the older generation as well as the new one.

More "laddish" - male-orientated
There is no genre of music that would not fit the general stereotype of teenagers.
Generally, the music is for people who like pop music
Phone-ins are to make the radio station more interactive
The comedian Jon Richardson is funny but in this case, he was not...disapointment. I believe this is because he is not used to being in a live radio studio when he is instead much funnier on a panel show. The comedy regardless is supposed to be aimed, I believe, at all ages. He does a type of deadpan comedy that is funny and suitable to all people over the age of 15 realistically but 16 legally.
The general feel of the phone-ins are meant to be comic in nature, but this is not easy to achieve as the nature of the phone calls is dependant on the public.


Nick Grimshaw Media:

BBC Radio 1 Media:

Competitions:

- Manning the Phones

- Call-ins - Manning the Pub

                - Phone in

                - Pub Stories

- Jan Scam (Festival)



Statistics:





Why Radio 1 is losing views:

From Q3 to Q4 of 2016, Grimmy’s audience has increased from 5.25m to 5.37m listeners. But Radio 1Xtra lost listeners in the same period, dropping from 1.03m in Q3 to 909,000 in Q4. And Radio 1’s overall audience also fell from Q3 to Q4, down by 3.2 per cent to 9.56m.
In Q4 2015, Grimmy had 5.87m listeners, which is why it’s being reported that he’s lost half a million listeners in the last year, but Radio 1 as a whole lost 7.4 per cent of its listeners since then as well, and Chris Evans’ Breakfast show on Radio 2 has lost 200,000 listeners across the same period.
Last year, BBC News reported the number of hours 15 to 24-year-olds spent listening to radio had fallen from 29 million hours in 2010 to 16 million in 2016. This age group used to make up 45% of Radio 1’s listenership (3.7m); it’s now just 36% (2.9m). This is largely thanks to the arrival of streaming services, and that’s why Radio 1’s head of music, Chris Price, wants to start some kind of streaming service.
Right now, Radio 1 doesn’t have that streaming service, so it’s targeting it's 15- to 29-year-old demographic elsewhere online, because they’re aware that 42% of 15- to 24-year-olds on social media follow their chosen radio station’s social pages, compared to 31% of those aged 25 or older. On YouTube, Radio 1 has 3.5m subscribers compared to Radio 2’s paltry 42,069. Radio 1 has 2.55m Facebook likes compared to Radio 2’s 633,053. Radio 2 may have higher listening figures for its live shows, but the reach of Radio 1 – particularly with viral content – is much higher on social media than it is for Radio 2, and that’s because its audience is younger.
As Radio 1 controller Ben Cooper explained this morning: “Radio 1’s Listen, Watch, Share strategy means that RAJAR is only part of the story. Alongside the 10.5m listeners, our YouTube videos have received over 1.4 billion views and we have 8.7m followers across social media.” The reason Radio 1 has so many social media followers is that it’s producing content that works on YouTube and on social media as well as on the radio. These things are funny, they’re usually video-based, and they just happen to act as breadcrumbs that entice people on social media to tune in. When it gets famous guests, Radio 1 plays games like Innuendo Bingo or Playground Insults that are rivalling Carpool Karaoke, the hugely popular spot from James Corden’s massive US TV show, in terms of actual funniness and in what execs like to call ‘shareability’.
Radio 1 is changing: you can no longer fairly compare its listening figures with Radio 2’s because the way people consume Radio 1’s output isn’t uniform anymore. The biggest radio stations have high listening figures because their audiences are older, more loyal and more predictable. Radio 1 undeniably the more exciting station – there’s far more innovation happening there – and that means the long-term future of what radio actually is might depend on what Radio 1 does next. If Radio 1 can figure out a way to win over young listeners, who have so many other options than radio, that’ll probably end up being a model for every other radio station in future. Because millennials aren’t just going to start listening to radio more when they hit a certain age: for radio audiences to return to growth, this young audience will need to be convinced to start tuning in somehow – and if they aren’t, won’t Radio 2, Radio 4, and all the other big stations be facing the same crisis of ‘falling listenership’ in 20 years’ time?
Why are Radio 1 listeners shrinking?
Under 18's not listening to the radio
no streaming services
More technology - Youtube, Phones, IPads - IPlayer
What is Radio 1 doing to increase the audience listening?
Social Media - Marketing, Videos
Trending Jokes
Competitions - Phone-ins (Man in the Pub, Celebrity Phone-ins etc.) - Interactive
Celebrity Content
Games - Innuendo Bingo, Playground insult match
UK Based Artists - Little Mix, James Bay, Calvin Harris, Liam Payne, Rita Ora and George Ezra

How BBC Radio 1 uses Media to showcase for the audience:

BBC Radio 1 uses BBC iPlayer to involve artists in order to help them gain audience views. They do this by letting people rewatch their videos and watch videos that have been made for people to watch. In these videos, they have videos of the artist singing and doing a small interview afterwards.

BBC Radio 1 uses YouTube to allow viewers to watch videos such as Innuendo Bingo and Playground insult match, which have celebrities come in and take part.



Using GEARS to define the Radio X audience:

Gender - Male
Ethnicity - White
Age - 25-44-year-olds
Region - British/England
Socio-economic Group - C2 to E

Essay 

Why is BBC radio losing listeners?
One reason the BBC radio station is losing viewers/listeners is that it has a lack of functionality compared to its competitors. For example, youtube has catch-up capabilities and the ability to save all of its videos and music and have them played on demand, pretty much anywhere. Radio one, on the other hand, has some catch-up but, the songs cannot be played on demand and cannot be played live anywhere. The way they are trying to combat this is by making snippets of the show available on demand on social media (twitter for example). Also by making, the show more entertaining and not just for music, but also for the "banter" and chats on the show. The producers of radio 1 are also trying to make it more interactive by introducing parts like "Manning the Phone" and "Chatting with comedians" (an example being Jon Richardson). This engages the listeners of Radio 1 because it provides something that they would not be able to get anywhere else.

One other reason why BBC Radio 1 is losing viewers is that BBC Radio one is aimed at an age group that is constantly changing. For example, teenagers (the aimed age group) tend to be very fickle in their likes and dislikes, meaning that it is hard to maintain an audience of them for a given period of time. One way they have countered this is by giving the viewers a reason to keep tuning in. This is done by the radio station running competitions and quizzes. This means that in order for a viewer to win a competition or quiz they have to listen to a period of episodes. Also to ensure that they do not just do the same thing every day, they have different guests on and create different interactive activities for the audience.
   
One other reason why Radio 1 is losing viewers is because they are so age specific. The music that is broadcasted on BBC Radio 1 is the kind of music that teenagers listen to. This limits their general listeners. One of the ways that they have countered this is by involving a lot of informative and educational parts to the show. This helps to include the older generations or people who may be going to work and would need the weather and the traffic. This means it is aplicable to older people as well as the younger teenagers who listen to this kind of music more often. 

Media Industries: The Jungle Book

Media Industries: The Jungle Book

Plot Synopsis

After a threat from the tiger, Shere Khan forces him to flee the jungle, a man-cub named Mowgli embarks on a journey of self-discovery with the help of panther Bagheera and free-spirited bear Baloo.

Total Lifetime Grosses

Domestic: $364,001,123    37.7%

+ Foreign: $602,549,477    62.3%

= Worldwide: $966,550,600  

Domestic Summary

Opening Weekend: $103,261,464

(#1 rank, 4,028 theaters, $25,636 average)

% of Total Gross: 28.4%

Widest Release: 4,144 theaters

Close Date: September 29, 2016

In Release: 168 days / 24 weeks

Production

was produced by Walt Disney Pictures, directed and co-produced by Jon Favreau (), and written by Justin Marks.

It was partly based on Disney’s original version but also drew more on Kipling’s original books, giving a rather darker tone

The Jungle Book exists in a strange limbo-world between live action and animation.

All the animals and landscapes, etc., were computer generated, (mostly) by the British digital effects house MPC. 

Technology

JB16 one of the most technologically advanced movies ever made’; as the director noted, ‘I found myself wrestling with the same things as Walt, who used cutting-edge technology for his day, but with a different set of tools and technologies.’

JB16 is the result of cutting-edge CGI – the animals were created digitally post-production and the one actor in the film (playing Mowgli) acted against a blue screen.

Scenes for The Jungle Book were first filmed using motion capture. ‘We motion-captured the entire movie before we filmed anything and we cut the whole film together,’ says

Favreau. 

Using that footage, the effects team then built the film’s sets virtually, a process known as previsualization (previz). ‘Everything was mapped against the virtual sets. We designed

the sets like you would for a video game.’ (http://www.wired.co.uk/article/jungle-book-jon-favreau-disney-film)

The CGI was mostly created by MPC. 

The VFX won both the BAFTA and Academy Award. The new film opens and closes using analogue techniques, however, referencing the original film.

Production:  The making of the film; pre-production and funding; shoot (format); post-production (SFX).

Distribution: The way the film gets to screens; distribution company.

Marketing: The process of raising awareness; targeting an audience; creating publicity through various methods.
A distributor is responsible for marketing a film

Exhibition: The way we view; getting the film to a paying audience. 

Media Ownership is dominated by the Big 6 Media Corporations.

These exist as conglomerates ( a company which was subsidiary companies…) 

The multiplane camera was a special camera that helped record the movement of multiple layers of artwork that would move past the camera at various speeds and distances. ...
The first vertical multiplane camera was invented in 1933 by Ub Iwerks, the former Walt Disney Studios animator, and director. Disney used this approach to create a 3 – D like effect in several Jungle Book sequences

The Jungle Book (2016), hereafter JB16, was produced by Walt Disney Pictures, directed and co-produced by Jon Favreau.
 It was partly based on Disney’s original version but also drew more on Kipling’s original books, giving a rather darker tone.
‘The Jungle Book exists in a strange limbo-world between live action and animation. Favreau admits he has no idea which category it falls into: ‘I think it’s considered live action because people feel like they’re watching a live-action film,’
All the animals and landscapes etc. were created on computers, mostly by the British digital effects house MPC. 

All the animals and landscapes etc were created on computers, mostly by the British digital effects house MPC. 

The animal characters were deliberately created with a realistic look, and not in a cute and cuddly cartoon-style as with the original animated Jungle Book film 

Favreau drive to create a more believable live-action film dictated how the animals looked/behaved.

‘In Jungle Book, if  we just took everything that was in the ’67 film, that humour would have been too broad for a live action, and also you have to take into account that these look like real animals, so the intensity of it gets really notched up.’ 

Blue screen - Used in movie making, it provides a screen of one colour that can easily be cut out and replaced with superimposed images or backgrounds afterwards.

Motion capture - Motion capture is the process of recording the movement of objects or people. It is used in military, entertainment, sports, medical applications, and for validation of computer vision and robotics.

Previsualisation - Previsualization is a function to visualize complex scenes in a movie before filming. It is also a concept in still photography

Produced by Walt Disney Company

MPC – independent UK company contracted to do the complex 3 animation effects

Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures.

Synergy - The interaction of two or more agents or forces so that their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects. Cooperative interaction among groups, especially among the acquired subsidiaries or merged parts of a corporation, that creates an enhanced combined effect.

• You will create an essay which discusses the impact of technology on the way large organizations such as Disney create blockbuster films as a means of creating an enhanced viewing experience for consumption within the cinema.

Essay

Technology impacts filmmakers in a very direct way. It generally describes their limitations to what they can't and can do, for example, the detail of the animation and how realistic something looks, depends on the quality of the CGI. In the film, the jungle book the animation and motion capture is extremely detailed. This is because each animal was animated from the ground up, literally with the skeleton first being animated, then the muscle structure, then the skin and finally the fur simulation. Also, the animals were studied beforehand, their behaviours and expressions were looked at, so they could match these expressions to lines of the script without making the animals look human with human expressions. For example, in the scene where Sheer Kahn is demanding the Mowgli be turned over to him during the water truce Raksha tells him to "go back from whence you came from you burned beast". During this line, she is bearing her teeth, which is a common expression that wolves do to show aggression, but also a sign of fear. This fits perfectly with the line as she is threatening the main predator of the jungle, and someone who can easily kill her and her pack.  

The interaction between the animals and the landscape is also key in the Jungle Book. As the animals were animated, it would make sense that the environment was also animated, otherwise when the animals interact with the environment it would not look quite right, and as a result would either be a lot more work or not as good in the long run anyway. This is yet another way in which technology has forwarded the looks and feel of the movie. However, the producers and special effects team had a problem to solve. How would they make Mowgli walk on the same landscape?  Well, less detailed geography they used a general blue screen, not green screen as this would clash with the green of the jungle, to fill in the background and the floor. but with more detailed geography they had to use blue screen props, that was in the shape of trees that Mowgli was walking on.

Print Media - The Big Issue

The Big Issue

Representation

Task analyse this advert

Colour - The background is yellow, which represents happiness, The colour is also saturated

Type of shot - Mid shot, of the upper body

Angle - Looking up kinda making her seem more impressive and important

Focus - The focus is split between the text and the woman on the image, showing that the clearly relate to each other.

The depth of Field - Everything

Mise-en-scene - The expression of the woman is a cliche, and is not realistic

    Body Language - The body language is supposed to be attractive and desirable, at least in the eyes      of the media

    Props - The costume is revealing and yellow

    Location - the location is just a photo studio

    Lighting - The lighting is bright yet muted because the woman is in black and white

Realism - This shot is not very realistic at all because the expression and the body language is not something that someone would do in real life

Narrative - The advert is for women, who want to lose weight and tone up, by using a protein supplement

Use of Text - "Are you beach body ready" Not small eye-catching, attempting to persuade people to buy the product

The Big Issue

Statement

The Big Issue offers people facing poverty and exclusion the opportunity to earn their own money; a livelihood. The Big Issue Foundation is an independent charity working alongside the magazine distribution network. We aim to maximize the success of each vendor’s selling career and engage them with opportunities to address the issues that have bought them to us in the first instance or issues that have arisen as a result of their experiences of poverty, social and financial exclusion.

We offer vendors opportunities of a life and seek to empower them through their finances and beyond; be it securing a safe place to live, reconnecting with loved ones, tackling health issues or embarking on training and development opportunities. It can be as little as 12 months from a significant life event to losing everything and arriving on the street. Last year we recorded the achievements of over 2000 vendors, focusing on programmes of work that seek to establish financial stability and inclusion. The financial journey of each vendor are the building blocks of success in terms of further socially orientated objectives, the catalyst for personal change and an escape from the poverty of each person’s situation.

Our mission

To connect every Big Issue vendor to the support and personal solutions that enable them to rebuild their lives and determine their own pathways to a better future.

Our vision

To create opportunities that will end poverty and exclusion for Big Issue vendors.

Right Wing Papers

Daily Mail

The Telegraph

Left Wing Paper

Daily Mirror

Guardian

How is this migrant group represented by the right-wing press

They are represented as the antagonists, not as victims. They were sent home, but one of them was compensated as he had a job. However, this is not seen as a good thing but as a miscarriage of justice.

Task 4

The homeless are represented as victims who need to be helped. This is achieved by them having said the things that they did say and that.

In Bob we Trust

Discuss whether in your view the representation of the homeless is stereotypical or counter stereotypical.

The question is task seven on the powerpoint on Friday

Bob is meant to represent hope and is meant to give the audience someone to believe in. The colours in the picture are a mixture of saturated and muted. The red is muted, but the yellow is saturated. The blue in the background is also muted and is meant to highlight and draw attention to Bob. Bob himself is a vivid, yet muted orange and white, but still look extremely cute :3. The main message behind this picture is that Bob is here to help people and that we can "trust" him

However, the image on the front cover of the Big Issue (above) is also very important for this depiction. The colours of the image, for example, are important. The yellow of the words "In Bob We Trust" is important because yellow represents the emotion of happiness and joy. The red of Bob's scarf, the blue background. They are all saturated colours and help to depict James and Bob as a hero and someone who can be looked up to. The unfocused light around Bob's feet as well as the white floor and the fact that the direction of the light on Bob, they all make him look like a saviour and make him look divine. This links back to the words "In Bob We Trust", which is a play on the words "In God We Trust".

Most media studies on poverty point in the direction of a recurring observation that usually the poor are presented in one of two contrasting frames: the ‘deserving poor’ and the ‘undeserving poor’.
While the frame of deserving poor employs a sympathetic treatment of the poor, the frame of the undeserving poor is built upon the rhetoric of deficiency in individuals who are portrayed as a burden on the taxpayer due to their dependency on welfare policies
(see also, scroungerphobia, Golding & Middleton, 1982) This, however, is not how Bob is supposed to be portrayed and is not how he is pot rayed.

Essay Analysis - "In Bob we trust"

Big Issue Part 1

In Bob we Trust

You will create an essay:

You will analyse the media language and media representation of the xxx issue of the Big Issue “In Bob we trust”.   To what extent does the Magazine diverge from mainstream/rightwing depictions of the poor/homeless.  Why are the magazines remit an important factor in the way the magazine represents homelessness?  Discuss the social and political context of homelessness…Discuss the impact of homelessness in Britain today from your research.

The big issue's "In Bob we Trust" is very different viewpoint on the homeless person demographics, as it describes the main character, James Bowen, as a person who needs help and is, lucky enough to be chosen by Bob. He is then shown to redeem himself and make his life better because he has something to focus on.

The general idealisms for right-wing views on homelessness is that they are people who should be avoided and that they are the rejects of society. That, however, they got themselves in the situation they are now in, is their fault. They do not deserve any help or sympathy. This coincides with Shildrick and McDonald's theory but is not how the big issue portrays James.

However, the image on the front cover of the Big Issue (above) is also very important for this depiction. The colours of the image, for example, are important. The yellow of the words "In Bob We Trust" is important because yellow represents the emotion of happiness and joy. The red of Bob's scarf, the blue background. They are all saturated colours and help to depict James and Bob as a hero and someone who can be looked up to. The unfocused light around Bob's feet as well as the white floor and the fact that the direction of the light on Bob, they all make him look like a saviour and make him look divine. This links back to the words "In Bob We Trust", which is a play on the words "In God We Trust". 

The shot of the cat is, well a full cat shot really, and the angle is looking slightly up at him. This gives him a position of power and makes him look important. Again the focus is on Bob, as he is the only entity on the page, but the focus is directed to him, by the lighting. This contradicts the general right-wing view to the homeless - that they should be ignored. This makes it impossible. The depth of field is very focused on Bob mainly with the background out of focus and blurry. 

There are many elements of mise-en-scene. These include Body language, Props, Location and Lighting (which I have already covered above). Body language, I cannot really cover as Bob is a cat and I cannot read cat body language. But I guess the props could include the scarf that Bob is wearing, which is saturated red that is bright and vibrant. This could also contradict the general stereotype of the homeless and what they would wear, what they can afford etc, but not much else can be said about that. The Location, however, is key. Bob is in a street, which is where James and Bob would be and is where they are in the book and film. However, it is not as bad as the general media depicts the street to be. It is well lit, clean and free of litter. Also, the white floor is a link to divinity once more and the street lamps light is shining down on Bob like a halo.

There is very little to no perceived realism in this but in the book and film as people do not expect a cat to behave in this way. However, in actual fact, this was based entirely, on a true story so there are, in actual fact, very high levels of realism. Generally, this does not have an impact on the right-wing, left-wing view of a homeless person. But this real story is directly contrasted to the right-wing view of the homeless person demographic.

The narrative is "In Bob We Trust", which is a play on words from the phrase, "In God We Trust". This makes Bob seem like someone who can be trusted, and ties in with the lighting, making him seem more divine and angelic. The caption underneath reads "lessons from Britan's favourite streetwise street cat". This gives the impression that he is well known, and that he is clever and "street wise".
All in all, this also contradicts the right-wing stereotype as homeless people are portrayed to be untrustworthy and not the brightest.

The layout is simple with Bob in the middle, the text below him which draws the eye to him and the text. This has no impact on the right-wing view of homeless people. The mode of address, however, is more important, as it is a direct focus on the reader, which is common when any media is shown in any relation to homeless people.

In conclusion, the image of Bob is not very aligned with right-wing views. The colours, mode of address, narrative, realism and mise-en-scene is a testament to that, and in several cases contradicts the right-wing view. Instead, homeless people are portrayed as people who are, yes, in need of help. But also people who can be trusted and people who, are clever and, generally are people who are just like regular people and should not be ignored.

Big Issue Part 2

Why are Uk veterans homeless?

When they leave the armed forces, they often leave with certain disabilities, such as mental health issues, physical disabilities and a lack of people skills. There is now a lack of support for these people, and they are described as being left to"rot". This means that veterans are becoming homeless, depressed and out of work because they do not have the financial support they need, the mental health or the people skills they need to get a job and support themselves.

The law is to blame here, as the people in power say that the veterans "should" be offered housing, but not "must". There are some charities that support these people but this alone is not enough as they often receive no funding from the government. This leaves the veterans with no job, no support and no hope. Many of them are wounded or are missing limbs. This can make them seem like freaks of society and are often ignored.

The Big issue draws attention to the fact that war veterans are homeless. They did this ultimately because they want to make money, but there are other motivators. For example, it was around remembrance day that this was written, also the big issue focuses on homelessness, these veterans in question are homeless. This is important for their audience because these are people who need help. This ties in with the fact that these people are portrayed as deserving poor people, as they did sacrifice themselves for their country, and now it is our job to sacrifice for them.

At least 13,000 of our war heroes are homeless after leaving the military, a Sunday People probe reveals.
“Homelessness among the veterans community is getting worse by the month. The youngest we have dealt with is an 18-year-old and the oldest is 97. And we helped people of every age in between.”

“From our ­experience, the problem of homeless veterans has never been greater. I’d say 13,000 is a minimum – it could be far higher.”
Charity bosses say the problem has been made worse by cuts to the armed forces, which has led to almost 30,000 troops losing their jobs since 2010.

Most media studies on poverty point in the direction of a recurring observation that usually the poor are presented in one of two contrasting frames: the ‘deserving poor’ and the ‘undeserving poor’.
While the frame of deserving poor employs a sympathetic treatment of the poor, the frame of the undeserving poor is built upon the rhetoric of deficiency in individuals who are portrayed as a burden on the taxpayer due to their dependency on welfare policies
(see also, scroungerphobia, Golding & Middleton, 1982)

Theory: Cultivation theory states that high-frequency viewers of television are more susceptible to media messages and the belief that they are real and valid. Heavy viewers are exposed to more violence and therefore are affected by the Mean World Syndrome, the belief that the world is a far worse and dangerous place then it actually is. According to the theory-heavy viewing of television is creating a homogeneous and fearful populace, however, so many studies have been done in this area that really no one knows how or even if violence on TV or in film negatively or positively affects its audience.

Now cultivation theory has taken on a more general definition in regards to mass media. It now extends to encompass the idea that television colours our perception of the world. For example; if someone stays inside and watch news about crime all day, they might be inclined to believe that the crime rate is far higher than it actually is and they might easily become the victim of a crime. Or in another sense heavy viewership of any media can perpetuate stereotypes both positive and negative. It really comes down to the question of to what extent does reality shape TV and vice versa.

Advertising and Media (Jungle Book)

Jungle Book

Aim:  To study media texts in relation to media language, media representations, and social and cultural contexts

Know:  Recognise how the media language of the jungle book (1967 & 2016) has changed over time
Know: Recognise how media representations of the jungle book (1967 & 2016) have changed over time
Do: study the social and cultural contexts that influence how media representations are created
Do: construct an essay on the Junglebook,s film trailer, and advertising poster
Show: evidence of the completion of the essay in blogger

Language

Industry

Audience

Representation

Media Language means the way in which a text is constructed to create meaning for a reader or viewer of the text.

Representation - refers to the construction in any medium (especially the mass media) of aspects of ‘reality’ such as people, places, objects, events, cultural identities and other abstract concepts. Such representations may be in speech or writing as well as still or moving pictures.

1967 vs 2016

2016


Directed by John Favroe
The 2016 version has much more developed technology and therefore looks a lot better than the first one as the animation is better and looks more realistic, therefore is aimed at an older age bracket.
The book itself was a lot darker than the film and was clearly adapted, into a more child-friendly version for the child's cartoon for the 1967 version. This version was based more on the book and was clearly intended for an older audience.

1967

Based on Rudyard Kipling’s book THE JUNGLE BOOK (1894)

Kipling’s narrative contained “darker themes” and content which were judged to be unsuitable for a Disney film.

Walt wanted a film that was “light, fun, and entertaining with a happy song - good stuff, fun stuff.”

The story was modified by Larry Clemmons, who was given, a copy of Rudyard Kipling’s novel but told him that ‘The first thing I want you to do is not to read it’. To turn the book into a successful film many of the original characters and situations were cut out, creating a clear storyline.

At a superficial level, the cartoon should not be offensive to anyone it was just meant to be fun.

People with an English accent tend to be the bad guys in the film, because people who speak the "Queens English", are suggested to be more sophisticated, and seem more upper class which immediately are untrusted. This helps them to be even more disliked and pushes them into the villain role.


Characters

Shere Khan

Shere Khan was designed to resemble his voice actor, George Sanders, renowned in Hollywood for playing elegant villains, but his movements were based on live action big cats: the animator Milt Kahl based the movements on animals

Disney and many American filmmakers have a track record of using the English accent to represent villainy see the following link and add the reasons why below

King Louie (played by Italian American Louie band leader Prima)

Disney’s own politics were rather conservative, right-wing and
undoubtedly this affected the representations constructed within the film.



Essay
Different representations

The jungle book has two representations, the 2016 version, and the 1967 version.

The two representations are dependant on a lot of things, the technology, the types of characters and the actors, and the time in which they were written.

As for the technology, in 1967 animation was limited to people drawing the individual frames, and of course, they had not CGI what so ever, so the detail of the animation is only as good as the artist.

The characters are supposed to be fun and exciting and are meant to represent a child's imagination of what one of these animals would be like. The snake, for example, is a dark character in the book, but in Walt Disney's interpretation, he is portrayed as a funny character who is easily thwarted and is to be laughed at. This is because, he has saturated colours, his eyes start to look strange as he tried to hypnotize Mowgli. The actor of Shere Kahn in the 1967 version was English, as this gave him an air of untrustworthiness, due to the fact that they are speaking the "queens English"represents him as upper class, which people instinctively distrust and dislike. This makes it easier for the villains to fall into their role, and helps them to be disliked by the audience. The colours are brighter and more saturated, which again helps to emphasize the childlike aspect of the film.

In the 2016 version, the technology is, obviously a lot more advanced, and therefore the CGI is vastly better. The animals look much more realistic and the who feel of the film is a lot darker then Walt Disney's interpretation. This film is aimed at a much higher age bracket and is supposed to be appealing to parents as well as children so that the parents have a reason to go to it too. The snake, Kaa is played by a female character, and is supposed to be a spooky seductive character that is to be feared but also induces curiosity. This is achieved by the snake being off camera for most of the trailer, with her voice in the background  The main antagonist still speaks the "queens English" but the rest of them do not have such an accent. Kaa has an American accent, King Louie has a new yorker accent but the Tiger Shere Kahn still speaks English. The colours in this film, however, are much darker and more muted, describing the fact that this is a darker film and is aimed at a higher age bracket.

The character King Louie could be taken as a racial attack or "dig" to black people. King Louie wants to learn how to make fire so that he can be like a man. This is not such a big step away from the creators of this movie calling black people uncivilized. 

However, generally, I think that this character was not a racial attack, and should not be interpreted in that way. I think that Walt was just thinking - "Hey its a jungle....Don't monkeys live in the jungle?.... Yeah, we'll add that for Mr Kipling". 

But in the 2016 version, the character changes from this the Disney interpretation, to what seems to be like a New York crime boss. This could be so to avoid any mis-interpretations that could be made. Also in the 2016 version, King Louie is based on an extinct type of giant ape that lived, approximately 100000 years ago, and was indigenous to India. A member of the animation crew said that - "Orang-utans are not really indigenous to India," he continues. "But the Gigantopithecus is a real thing apparently that died out, but lived there, so the choice was made if we're gonna make him [Louie] into something, let's make him something that's indigenous to the landscape and take a little bit of liberty because he is a larger-than-life character anyway. He's Colonel Kurtz. He's the big mysterious guy."

He is also compared to the character of Colonel Kurtz from the film Apocalypse Now. He was a mysterious character who hid in the shadow of a cave, for the majority of his introduction, much like King Louie himself.

Furthermore all association with any black reference has been taken away completely The accent is different, he is not played by a black actor, nor someone who is associated with one.

From the marketing perspective, the main objective of a film is to make money, so advertising plays a big part in the movies attempts to make money. There are trailers, endorsements, and sponsorships. The trailers are intended to encourage people to watch the movie. There are fades to black, and narration which gives hints at the plot and leaves cliffhangers.

In conclusion, the two films are very different, but the 2016 version is more true to the book, as it is darker, hence the number of scares in it, and the pain that people feel when Mowgli has to leave his wolf mother. But also the fear for Mowgli. In the Disney version, there is none of that. No one is afraid for Mowgli, because it seems like Sheer Kahn can be easily defeated. For example, his tail catches fire at the end, and he runs away in fear. This makes him easy to watch and gives a kind of Benny Hill vibe to the show in the way that you know Mowgli is going to be fine. There is also a lot smaller possibility for misinterpretation, due to King Louie being played by a person with no ties to the black stereotype.

How would I market a film?

Sponsorship

> Above the line (ATL) advertising is where mass media is used to promote brands and reach out to the target consumers.

These include conventional media as we know it, television and radio advertising, print as well as the internet.
This is communication that is targeted to a wider spread of audience and is not specific to individual consumers. ATL advertising tries to reach out to the mass as consumer audience.

Hence the website

>Below the line (BTL)  advertising is more one to one and involves the distribution of pamphlets, handbills, stickers, promotions, brochures placed at the point of sale, on the roads through banners and placards.

It could also involve product demos and samplings at busy places like malls and marketplaces or residential complexes.

For certain markets, like rural markets where the reach of mass media like print or television is limited, BTL marketing with direct consumer outreach programmes to make the most sense. 

Magazine Layout and Design

The Escapists Magazine Designs

Our team name is: The Escapists

Our magazine name is College Insider


Studying my way to Success (Main heading)
How college changed my life (Subheading, on page 8)

"Loving the freedom" Says student (Subheading, on page 2)

"No uniform makes me feel unique" (Subheading, on page 19


Jpeg image of magazine cover. Not Final product

Health check Quiz Answers

Health check Quiz Answers

Q: 1.   What is media.

 Information that is communicated, between one person and another, on a mass produced scale.

Q. 2. List at least 5 different types of media that exist from your timeline research task.

 Phonogram, Photograph, WWW, alphabet and facebook

Q.3.   what is web 2.0? what does web 2.0 offer to consumers compared to web1.0.

 Web 2.0 consists of more advanced webpages, that are more then one way direction, and is centered around user generated content, with more advanced and specialised graphics.

Q.4  What are the four main elements used to analyse a music video/film/TV media text.

Camera

Editing

Mise Un Scene

Sound

·       Q 5. In Prof. S. Hall’s theory on encoding and decoding there are three ways in which a media text can be decoded.   Describe them below

       1. Preferred- Read in the way the producer intended.

       2. Negotiated- Compromise between the producers view, and your own.

       3. Oppositional- The audience completely rejects the producers reading and creates their own. 

Q. 6 Define representation

How media texts deal and present issues related to gender, race, ethinicity and age.  

Q.7 Define stereotype

 A common generalisation of a group, that may be inaccurate, but is common belief. 

Q. 8 Define counter-stereotype.

The exact opposite to a particular stereotype.

Q.9  Define working Class.

Class of people who work, generally in low pay jobs, often with low level educational achievment. Associated with manual labour. Classic jobs include, heavy labouring and factory work. (this could be revised to include, delivery men, web designers etc)

Q.10 list five media stereotypes associated with the working class.

Dirty, poor, alcoholics, hate all upperclass, always oppressed.

Q. 11 list four black racial stereotypes .

Dancing, Gangs, Like rap music and like chicken. 

Q.12 identify the four stereotypes associated with Alvardo

Exotic, dangerous, pitied, humours.

Q.13 discuss Butsch theory on the representation of the working class (1992)

He said that the working class are flawed.

Q.15. Discuss Newman (2006) theory on the representation of the working class

Negative opinion, drugs, ad people who are bad.

Q.16 Shildrick and MacDonald (2007) suggested that the poor are undeserving of sympathy. (complete the sentence).

Definitions

Media Definitions

Media- is a way to communicate information between person to person.

Media Language- the way that meaning is made using the convections of a particular medium and type of media product.

Narrative- A spoke or written account of connected events, ie a story.

Mise en scene- Effectively what is known as a cliché, a widely recognisable part or characteristic of a film.

Editing- the process in which media is vetted and changed to provide more clarity or to present something in a different light.

Camera work- Work with a camera, this could include stuff like different angles to manipulate images and the way they are viewed.

Anchorage- Is when a piece of media uses another piece of media to reduce the number of connotations in the first, therefore allowing the audience to interpret it much more easily. For instance, in a newspaper, pictures are accompanied by a caption that allows us to understand what the picture is showing us.

Hall Theory of encoding and decoding

The theory states that media texts are encoded by the producer meaning that whoever produces the text fills the product with values and messages. The text is then decoded by the audience.
Different spectators will decode the text in different ways, not always in the way the producer intended. A text can be received in one of three ways;
Dominant or Preferred Reading 
This is when the text is read in the way the producer intended the text to be read. 
The audience agrees with the messages and ideology that the producer has placed behind the text.
Negotiated Reading 
This is a compromise between the dominant reading and the oppositional reading of the text. 
The audience accepts the views of the producer but also has their own input and understanding of the text. 
Oppositional Reading
The audience rejects the producers preferred reading and creates their own reading of the text, usually this is the opposite of what the producer intended.

 The reader rejects the meaning completely as they do not agree with the message that is being presented to the audience.


Representation

Representation is how media texts deal with and present gender, age, ethnicity, national and regional identity, social issues and events to an audience. 


Stereotypes,

These are a simplified representation of a person, groups of people or a place, through basic or obvious characteristics - which are often exaggerated.

Counter stereotypes

Are positive stereotypes. They Focus on positive elements of a group traditionally represented as bad.

Identity.

 is a socially and historically constructed concept. ... Social and cultural identity is inextricably linked to issues of power, value systems, and ideology. The media uses representations—images, words, and characters or personae—to convey specific ideas and values related to culture and identity in society.

IdeoIlogy

These are ideas and beliefs, held by media producers, which are often represented in their media texts.

Social power

In social science and politics, power is the ability to influence or outright control the behaviour of people. The term "authority" is often used for power perceived as legitimate by the social structure.

Mediation.

Every time we encounter a media text, we are not seeing reality, but someone’s version of it.

Hegemony
Hegemony is a way to describe people or ideas that become—and seek to remain—dominant in society.
The development of the term “hegemony” in media studies follows the work of Antonio Gramsci and Stuart Hall

Banners – Typically found at the top or bottom of a print media text.
Broadsheet - Large format newspapers that report news in depth, often with a serious tone and higher level language. The news is dominated by national and international events, politics, business, with less emphasis on celebrities and gossip. Examples: The Independent, The Guardian, The Times, The Telegraph
Byline - A journalist's name at the beginning of a story. Captions – Text below an image that describes the image or informs the audience who
took the image. Copy - Main text of a story.
Coverlines – Captions on a magazine front cover
Emotive Language – the use of language to generate specific emotional reactions in the target audience
Headlines – The text highlighting the main story being given priority by the producers of the print media text. Often designed to be eye-catching.
Inverted pyramid structure - Newspaper stories start with the main events. Then they give more details and eyewitness comments in short paragraphs. The paragraphs at the end of the story are less important than those at the beginning. This allows sub-editors to shorten stories by cutting paragraphs from the end.
Layout – How the print media text has been designed and formatted.
Masthead - The top section of a newspaper which gives the paper’s title, price and date
Sans Serif font – Font type which does not have lines perpendicular to the ends of letters e.g. Comic Sans – often seen as more contemporary. Think of Apple’s advertising.
Serif font – Font type which does have lines perpendicular to the ends of letters e.g. Times New Roman – generally seen as more traditional or higher class.
Splash – The front page story
Sub-headings – Smaller, typically one line headlines for other stories.
Tabloid - Smaller newspapers aimed at a large audience. News is reported in less depth and emphasises human interest stories. The language level is lower, paragraphs and stories shorter, with more use of images. Content often includes more celebrities, media news and gossip. Examples: The Sun, The Mail, The Mirror, The Express
Text to image ratio – This involves considering how weighted the print media text is with regards to text and image – you need to ask yourself why the ratio exists.
Typography – The collective term when considering elements of print media relating to the style of the text such as the font, colour, serif, sans serif etc. 

sans-serif

san ˈsɛrɪf/

PRINTING

noun

1. 1.

   a style of type without serifs.

adjective

1. 1.

   without serifs.

Typography is the art and technique of arranging type to make written language legible, readable and appealing when displayed.

Jack White - facing the camera, looking at you eye contact. Information, tag. Cover line.

The splash is the front cover page story. The puff is something that used to make text stand out, ie a circle with some text in it.

Entertainment - name of magazine is hidden behind Wonder Woman - masthead
Yellow - happy - eye-catching
Dark unsaturated colours- gloomy, Battle, era that it was set in
Impact font in title - entertainment
Gal Gadot- A female actress that is generally petite, giving more power to the female gender 
Looking straight at the camera - eye contact - direct mode of address
Skyline - bold sand serif - “free” - excite viewer - getting things for free
Power in position - her character as a powerful woman
Gold colours - shiny and attractive
Princess of themyscira 
Dominant 
Queen of Amazon 
Only women on the island - doing everyone’s jobs - independent
Mid-shot
Colours show the oldness of when Wonder Woman was and the power she held in that time
Stereotypes - woman hero 
Alliteration of Wonder Woman 
Counter stereotyping women during her time (ww1)
Gauntlets on wrists - deflects bullets
Lasso of truth 
Sword and shield
Weaponry - giving women power
Colours - serious tone - battle - era of ww1
Film about women being powerful 
Perhaps loosing half audience - Wonder Woman wearing more clothing than before 
More serious tone than before

Life without men-  reflects societal changes

Overall wonder woman is meant to represent the societal changes, that are undergoing. She is an independent woman in a mans world, who constantly, cuts through to the problems at heart. She disregards men and proves how pointless and stupid they can be. She has great power and uses it to protect everyone with no regard for gender, ethnicity or age.

When the character was originally concepted, she looked like this.

Here she seems more like a walking advertisement for America. She is also more sexualised with her breasts on display, and her legs clearly on show. Nowadays if this were the case, about half the audience would not watch this, as most women would find it offensive.

Diegetic sound. 

Sound whose source is visible on the screen or whose source is implied to be present by the action of the film: 
voices of characters 
sounds made by objects in the story 
music represented as coming from instruments in the story space ( = source music)
Diegetic sound is any sound presented as originated from source within the film's world
Non Diegetic sound. Sound whose source is neither visible on the screen nor has been implied to be present in the action: 
narrator's commentary
sound effects which is added for the dramatic effect
mood music
Non-diegetic sound is represented as coming from the a source outside story space.

 Wide Shot
Used to show all of these characters
Close up shot
Used to show his emotion


Mid Shot
Used to Show their emotions and reactions
 Wide shot
To show the number of people and power that the empire has.
 Close Extreme
Used to show his anonymity
Close Extreme
Shows anger, and frustration


Wide Shot
Shows the Empire's power and numbers, but also to convey a position of authority

Mid Shot
Shows the anger, and emphasises the dark side

Sounds, in-diegetic the theme tune.
The music in the background the pew pew noises that make up the ships sounds, basically something that only the character can hear, but not the actor. Belongs to the story world.
The narration is also included.
Diegetic sound is the stuff that everyone can hear.
The reverse shot is when a shot goes from shot A, shot B, shot A, shot B etc.
It goes continuously back and forth between the 2 shots to show there is a connection between them


It is a form of eye-line matching if the character is looking at someone and the next shot is what they look at.

B&w –often used to show memory or time period

Contrast – to altar the lighting (or contrast = very light lights and dark darks sometimes with memories 

Colour  - to add a colour filter to show a specific mood 
Example ‘The ring’ – many scenes are very blue-ish, which show sterile/coldness etc.

Animation – titles of shows or cartoons

CGI – computer generated images (example = avatar, planet of apes, polar express)

Fast forward/slow motion – speeding up or slowing down footage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZIK4Uf9NhJA (fast) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eai1DZVqIRM (slow)

Ghost trail – see multiple actions (overlapped) to show someone drunk or on drugs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5xkFN-pOJc (ghost trail)   ….. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XI3bnkWD0Fg  (hallucination when stung by the bee at 2:06)

Blur – to show un-clarity, or fuzzy memory/flashback  (bee sting scene – some is blurry when Peeta coming)

This Orangutang looks concerned and serious, he looks, like he is threatening someone. The area is dark, and the camerawork is a close up shot. the sound in this scene is quiet and foreboding, giving the impression of a scary atmosphere and a dangerous experience ahead. 

Looks, both angry and scared.
The shot is close up, and the lighting is bright, and fiery, because...well there is a fire. The sound in this is that is dramatic and loud. This builds tension and tells the audience that something important is going to happen.

Look of concern and worry, he is looking for something. He is also one of the good guys, and therefore must be worried for Mowglie He looks docile, but it is still clear that he is an animal at the same time.

The tiger has a look of frustration and anger. He is really annoyed by something. The camera work is that there is motion, in the form of blurred images. The sound is quiet before this, and he jumps out of the grass and, goes for Mowglie. The editing components of this, are the tiger himself, he is CGI.

The Snake looks curios, and interested. she has seen something that she has either not seen before or does not see very often. The sound of the snake's voice is soothing and makes the whole scene seem more sinister. The camera shot is a mid shot, to emphasis how big the snake is.

The bear looks scared and docile, he is one of the people who helps in the film. He is one of the good guys. The camera shot is a mid shot, this shoes that he is scared but is prepared to defend himself.

The Antelope seems curious but also cautious.

  Camera work of the Tiger is that he is looking down on people from above (lower angle), he is clearly in a position of authority. He is angry and is showing his power, that aim of this appears to be to scare people and to make them feel fear so he can maintain control of the jungle. The shot is a Mid shot and is meant to portray power. There are not many editing components apart from the CGI of the tiger. The sound is non-diegetic and is the roar of the tiger.

The general idea behind this image is that Mowgli is in a dark environment, that is gloomy and scary. He is alone and is vulnerable.

intertextuality’ refers to the way aspects of a particular media product relate to another and thus accrue additional significance. 

Theory: Cultivation theory states that high frequency viewers of television are more susceptible to media messages and the belief that they are real and valid. Heavy viewers are exposed to more violence and therefore are effected by the Mean World Syndrome, the belief that the world is a far worse and dangerous place then it actually is. According to the theory heavy viewing of television is creating a homogeneous and fearful populace, however so many studies have been done in this area that really no one knows how or even if violence on TV or in film negatively or positively affects its audience.

Now cultivation theory has taken on a more general definition in regards to mass media. It now extends to encompass the idea that television colours our perception of the world. For example; if someone stays inside and watch news about crime all day, they might be inclined to believe that the crime rate is far higher than it actually is and they might easily become the victim of a crime. Or in another sense heavy viewership of any media   can perpetuate stereotypes both positive and negative. It really comes down to the question of to what extent does reality shape TV and vice versa.

In the United Kingdom, the term "public service broadcasting" refers to broadcasting intended for public benefit rather than to serve purely commercial interests.


Media industry: How the media industries’ processes of production, distribution and circulation affect media forms and platforms.

Media audience: How media forms target, reach and address audiences, how audiences interpret and respond to them and how members of audiences become producers themselves.

Digitally convergent media: Video games consoles are an excellent example of a digitally convergent device, you can not only play games but access social media, surf the internet, stream films and TV content and upload content into cloud based servers. Cross-media content helps maximise profits and also improve reach to new customers.
Production: This refers to all phases of designing, developing and making the media product;.
Distribution: This refers to all processes linked to delivering the media product to audiences both through tangible (disc) and digital (Cloud based) media.
Consumption: Explores the way in which the media text is used by audiences for pleasure but also explores the rise of user generated content across several platforms.

Sandbox game: A world that is free for the player to explore and change on their own terms. no rules or stories

Goodwin’s music video theory


Andrew Goodwin’s theory of music videos states that music videos contain some or all of the following elements:
A link between the visuals & lyrics (compliment, contradict or amplify)
Genre characteristics (heavy metal in industrialised settings; rap music in urban street contexts etc.)
Contain intertextual references (references to popular culture)
Contain notions of looking (e.g. screens within screens)
Include objectification of females (e.g. male gaze)
Include demands of the record label (close ups of lead singer, symbols or motifs associated with the band / performer etc.)
Video will be performance, narrative or concept based.


Neale’s genre theory of Repetition and Difference

Steve Neale states that though all genres are structured along the identical conventions of plot, narrative and mise-en-scene, success lies in their ability to manipulate and re-shape these elements.

In this sense, all genres all contain instances of repetition and difference – and difference is essential to the economy of the genre.

Neale’s model holds that a product’s genre is defined by:
How much it conforms to its genre’s individual conventions and stereotypes. A product must match the genre’s conventions to be identified as part of that genre if it is to attract that audience.
How much a product subverts the genre’s conventions and stereotypes. The product must subvert convention enough to be considered unique and not just a clone of another product.

Neale's Theory
Steve Neale’s theory of Repetition and Difference.
Steve Neale states that genres all contain instances of repetition and difference, difference is essential to the to the economy of the genre.
Neale states that the film and it’s genre is defined by two things:
How much is conforms to its genre’s individual conventions and stereotypes. A film must match the genre’s conventions to be identified as part of that genre.
How much a film subverts the genre’s conventions and stereotypes. The film must subvert convention enough to be considered unique and not just a clone of an existing film.